Is a Fennel “Seed” Really a Seed?

We commonly talk about fennel seeds – they are sold under that name in spice jars, used in teas and are also the source of much of fennel’s characteristic essential oil. Botanically, however, what we call a fennel “seed” is actually a dry fruit containing the...

Fennel: What Do We Really Know?

Modern research supports some traditional uses of fennel, but it also shows why the exact preparation and safe use matter. The strongest human evidence concerns menstrual pain, while a controlled study also supports a specifically formulated fennel seed oil emulsion...

Where Does Fennel Have the Strongest Evidence?

Fennel has a more substantial clinical evidence base than many medicinal herbs, particularly in menstrual pain and infantile colic. One of the best-studied areas is primary dysmenorrhea – painful menstrual cramps. Clinical trials have found reductions in menstrual...

What Gives Fennel Its Power?

Fennel contains two quite different groups of natural compounds, depending on whether we look at its extracts or its essential oil. Alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Foeniculum vulgare are rich in polyphenols. Important compounds include vanillic, chlorogenic...

Why Can Rue and Sunlight Be a Bad Combination?

One of the most fascinating – and important – features of rue is that some of its natural compounds can change the way our skin reacts to sunlight. Rue contains furanocoumarins, including compounds such as psoralen, bergapten and xanthotoxin. These substances can...